Research article empirical patterns of the effects of changing scale on landscape metrics jianguo wu1, weijun shen2, weizhong sun3 and paul t. Check patch metrics, landscape metrics and generate patch id file. Rasterbased landscape metrics and simulations in arcgis these instructions enable you to calculate metrics comparable to those in fragstats 3. Our guidebook outlines this process and presents over 100 metrics in 33 benefit categories as potential ways to gauge environmental, social, and economic impacts. A variety of software packages and fragmentation indices measure the degree. This document contains a description of each metric computed in fragstats. Of course, if total landscape area is held constant, then patch density and number of patches convey the same information. Landscape metrics designs and builds interactive maps, data visualizations, and data stories. Using open source tools for characterization of a landscape. In addition, we did not detect a difference between lowlands and heights. The analytical tools interface for landscape assessments attila is an easytouse arcview extension that calculates many commonly used landscape metrics.
The use of landscape metrics on multitemporal forestnon forest. Guide to evaluate performance a key step in evaluating the performance of any landscape project is determining what to measure and how. Spatial correlograms and landscape metrics as indicators of. The density of a graph is the ratio of the number of edges and the number of possible edges. Understanding landscape structure using landscape metrics. Logical if the clipped raster of the sample plot should be returned verbose. In metaanalysis terms, a statistic such as r is called an effect size hedges and olkin 1985, although other effect size metrics can be used see rosenthal 1994. Landscape structure, landscape metrics and biodiversity. Using a class layer that has previously been intersected with landscape sites of interest, you may batch process patch, class, and landscape level metrics for use in landscape ecology analyses. Fiftyfive metrics of landscape pattern and structure were calculated for 85 maps of land use and land cover. Landscape shape index per class forestnonforest 26 graph 4. Representative landscape metrics for size actual 129. Using landscape metrics to create an index of forest fragmentation for the state of maryland jennifer l.
To get a feel for these metrics, youll compare patterns between 2 cities in santa barbara county and focus on a specific landcover class. The ratio between the perimeter and area of each patch of the landscape. Pfister human population growth is fragmenting forests and impacting biological diversity worldwide. The metrics of pylandstats are computed according to its definitions in fragstats. By the papers author, the density of a graph seems like density the number of edges the number of nodes the authors followed e. The use of remote sensing and landscape metrics to describe. Graph theory provides a simple solution for unifying and evaluating multiple aspects of habitat connectivity, can be applied at the patch and landscape levels, and can quantify either structural or functional connectivity. Of the total forest area, 37 % was within 30 m and 74 % within 100 m of the nearest edge. To capture the synoptic characteristics of the green space system in 2005 and green space planning in 2020, the natural and cultivated green space patch types were merged into one green space patch type. An alternative to patch metrics for the quantification of landscape.
Class area ca ca equals the sum of the areas m 2 of all patches of the corresponding patch type divided by 10,000 to convert to hectares. Empirical patterns of the effects of changing scale on. Oct 15, 2015 to capture the synoptic characteristics of the green space system in 2005 and green space planning in 2020, the natural and cultivated green space patch types were merged into one green space patch type. Figure 2 illustrates the flowchart of the process chain. Ramachandra1,2,4 1centre for ecological sciences 2centre for sustainable technologies 3department of management studies 4centre for infrastructure, sustainable transportation and urban planning cistup, indian institute of science, bangalore 560012. The simplest measure of configuration is patch size, which represents a fundamental attribute of the spatial character of a patch. Multiscale analysis of relationship between landscape pattern and urban river water quality in different seasons skip to main content thank you for visiting. Most landscape metrics either directly incorporate patch size information or are affected by patch size. Table 1 list of the 49 classlevel c and 54 landscapelevel l landscape structure metrics calculated for the analysis see mcgarigal et al. Using simulated layers, you may batch process patch, class, and landscapelevel metrics for use in landscape ecology analyses. A plethora of metrics has been developed to quantify categorical map patterns. The analysis at local scale in monitoring of the urban landscapes to support sustain key words. Sometimes the electronic supplementary material the online version of.
Matthew seibert is a principal and cofounder of landscape metrics, and the companys creative lead. The first six factors explained about 87% of the variation. Towards more predictable and consistent landscape metrics. Tueller4 1department of plant biology, arizona state university, tempe, az 852871601, usa. Multiscale analysis of relationship between landscape. School of earth science and geography, faculty of science, university. Each metric is given in mathematical terms and described in narrative terms, and the measurement units and theoretical range in values are reported. From then on, prism will make new graphs in landscape. In this lab, youll explore a variety of metrics used to quantify landscape ecology patterns, per the patch mosaic paradigm.
Guide to evaluate performance landscape performance series. In this study it was aimed to understand the landscape metrics. It is a simple measure of the fragmentation of the patch type. How can i change the default page orientation for new graphs.
Landscape structure, landscape metrics and biodiversity 5 1 introduction the structure of a landscape, i. The resistant kernel is derived as follows, as shown in the figure. The lecoss plugin this case study results from the final draft of the graduate geographic information systems taught by geopoint. Classi cation of graph metrics javier mart n hern andez and piet van mieghemy faculty of electrical engineering, mathematics, and computer science delft university of technology, 2628 cd delft november 2011 abstract this article aims to order and classify a wide number of metrics, proposed to characterize graphs, and the services using those.
At the last stage, several landscape metrics such as number of patch. Like number of patches, patch density often has limited interpretive value by itself because. Graphdensity is the ratio of the number of edges divided by the number of edges of a complete graph with the same number of vertices. Patch density is a limited, but fundamental, aspect of landscape pattern. With complementary patch based, gradient, and graph network models available, the goal for landscape ecologists is to select the correct approach, or. Many spatial landscape properties can be quantified by using a set of metrics mcgarigal et al. Patch density has the same basic utility as number of patches as an index, except that it expresses number of patches on a per unit area basis that facilitates comparisons among landscapes of varying size. Np, edge density ed, largest patch index lpi, euclidean nearest neighbor distance enn. With complementary patchbased, gradient, and graph network models available, the goal for landscape ecologists is to select the correct approach, or.
Comparison of landscape metrics for three different level. Modern landscape ecology is based on the patch mosaic paradigm, in. Using a class layer that has previously been intersected with landscape sites of interest, you may batch process patch, class, and landscapelevel metrics for use in landscape ecology analyses. After landscape metrics explained and a case study done on landscape metrics. Analytical tools interface for landscape assessments attila. Patch density pd measures the number of patches per area fig. Fragstats is great if you want to calculate metrics such as edge density, patch size, aggregation index on your landscape, however if you want to model predict actual corridors of connectivity. At high levels of disturbance, due to frequent forest fires or human impacts like deforestation, all species are at risk of going extinct. Urban green space network development for biodiversity. This highlights that, in fragmented landscapes, the habitats close to the edge form a. Landscape metrics in the analysis of urban land use patterns. We explore several alternative methods for capturing landscape functionality and spatial heterogeneity including graph based networks and gradient surface models with associated surface metrics. Surface patterns landscape heterogeneity landscape metrics landscape pattern introduction modern landscape ecology is based on the patch mosaic paradigm, in which landscapes are conceptualized and analyzed as mosaics of discrete patches forman 1995.
Urban landscape analysis through spatial metrics anindita. Percentage of landscape per class forestnonforest 25 graph 2. Comparison of fractal realizations using landscape metrics. A factor analysis of landscape pattern and structure metrics. A simple directed graph with vertices and edges has graph density. We explore several alternative methods for capturing landscape functionality and spatial heterogeneity including graphbased networks and gradient surface models with associated surface metrics. These instructions enable you to calculate metrics comparable to those in fragstats 3.
To do this, landscape ecology and its characteristics structure, function and change must be emphasized. With a background in visual arts, humanities, and landscape architecture, matthew melds his years of experience as a designer with his interest in quantitative environmental science to develop revealing and creative renderings of our shared world. Rasterbased landscape metrics and simulations in arcgis. Landscape metrics are algorithms that quantify specific spatial characteristics of patches, classes of patches, or entire landscape mosaics. Spatial pattern metrics included mean patch size and patch size distribution, edge density, shape metrics, and measures of compositional adjacency and contagion.
The use of landscape metrics on multitemporal forestnon. The numerous landscape pattern metrics calculated in this study provide different lines of evidence for the same trend that over a 60 year time span in the mid to late 1900s. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis idh suggests that local species diversity is maximized when ecological disturbance is neither too rare nor too frequent. The result of landscape pattern analysis with landscape level metrics is presented in table 2. It is important to note that while most metrics at. Like class metrics, these may be integrated by a simple or weighted averaging, or may re. The metrics studied in this paper use only a graphs topological information, like vertex distance or edge density, to evaluate the quality of a given cluster. In addition to contagion index and the fractal dimension metrics, other, less complex, landscape metrics were derived. An overview of their use in landscape research evelin uuemaa department of geography, institute of ecology and earth sciences, university of tartu, 46 vanemuise st.
Oct 01, 20 using raster based image classifications in arcgis in conjunction with the freely available patch analyst to better understand patchiness and connectivity in the landscape. The development of landscape indices metrics and its application in land. This highlights that, in fragmented landscapes, the habitats close to the edge form a considerable proportion of the total habitat area. A multivariate factor analysis was used to identify the common axes or dimensions of pattern and structure which were measured by a reduced set of 26 metrics. Using landscape metrics to create an index of forest. Metrics are grouped into patch, class, and landscape metrics and according to the component of pattern they measure. Mar 19, 2020 the density of a graph is the ratio of the number of edges and the number of possible edges. Now we will set the patch and landscape metrics in the panel on the right of our dialogue box. Landscape metrics are algorithms that quantify specific spatial characteristics of.
Planning of green space ecological network in urban areas. More and more maps are becoming available for patternprocess predictions over large areas permit a coarse approximation of various landscape processes faster and less expensive than extensive surveys facilitate efficient sampling for research and monitoring. As resolution changes, these two metrics show almost identical scaling functions across the two paradigms, even though they were computed using different datasets. Largest patch index per class forestnonforest 25 graph 3. Landscape pattern indicators or metrics provide simple measures of landscape. How to calculate vectorbased landscape metrics in arcgis. A loglog plot of lacunarity against window size expresses the contagion of the. The edge density equals the sum of all edges of class i in relation to. Mcgarigal k, tagil s, cushman sa 2009 surface metrics. With complementary patchbased, gradient, and graph network models.
The use of landscape metrics on multitemporal forestnon forest maps of northeast mato grosso, central brazil. Plots the landscape with a categorical legend by means of rasterio. Using raster based image classifications in arcgis in conjunction with the freely available patch analyst to better understand patchiness and connectivity in the landscape. Density of class patches, which is arguably more useful than the number of. Landscape metrics analysing patches with patch analyst for. Changes in forest spatial patterns from the 1930s to the. Landscape metrics exist at the patch, class patch type and landscape level. We work closely with our clients to create engaging visualizations that clearly and effectively communicate their data, bolstering outreach and facilitating decisionmaking.
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